Heavy subtrees of Galton-Watson trees with an application to Apollonian networks

Abstract

We study heavy subtrees of conditional Galton-Watson trees. In a standard Galton-Watson tree conditional on its size being $n$, we order all children by their subtree sizes, from large (heavy) to small. A node is marked if it is among the $k$ heaviest nodes among its siblings. Unmarked nodes and their subtrees are removed, leaving only a tree of marked nodes, which we call the $k$-heavy tree. We study various properties of these trees, including their size and the maximal distance from any original node to the $k$-heavy tree. In particular, under some moment condition, the $2$-heavy tree is with high probability larger than $cn$ for some constant $c > 0$, and the maximal distance from the $k$-heavy tree is $O(n^{1/(k+1)})$ in probability. As a consequence, for uniformly random Apollonian networks of size $n$, the expected size of the longest simple path is $\Omega (n)$. We also show that the length of the heavy path (that is, $k=1$) converges (after rescaling) to the corresponding object in Aldous’ Brownian continuum random tree.