Abstract
The rapid pace of urbanization and industrialization makes soil and environment polluted, which may cause a severe issue of food chain contamination. Discharge of heavy metal(oid)s from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, and groundwater contamination causes a reduction in crop yields, degradation of soils and ruin quality. Cultivated Asian rice and heavy metal(oid)s have two ways of interaction, either heavy metal(oid)s accumulation cause harmful effects on rice crop or rice plants possess their resistance mechanism to protect against the toxic effects of heavy metal(oid)s, their uptake, and translocation also detoxify the heavy metal(oids) contamination. Besides, several inorganic (liming and silicon) and organic (compost and biochar) amendments have been applied in the soils to reduce/immobilize heavy metal(oid)s stress in rice. Selection/development of rice varieties resistant to heavy metals stress and bioaccumulation, crop rotation, water management and exogenous application of microbes could be a reasonable approach to alleviate heavy metal(oid)s toxicity in rice. This article review that heavy metals, such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and lead are the major environmental pollutants, mainly in the places having more significant anthropogenic pressure. In agricultural areas, accumulation of heavy metals is of primary concern because of their adverse effects. This review article also briefly discusses the impact of the heavy metals on human health, soil, plants, and their metabolic mechanisms induced by the biological and geological redistribution of heavy metals by soil and water pollution. Keywords: Accumulation; Dynamics; Heavy Metal(oids); Rice; Soil; Uptake http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90045
Highlights
Introduction povertyAs presented in SDG 2 (Sustainable there is plenty of food in the worldDevelopment Goal 2), the world population is produced to feed everybody, yet until now, 815 increasing, and it is expected to rise 10 billion million people are hungry or living in extreme in 2050
This review concentrates on the nature, sources, properties with possible remediation strategies of heavy metals which can affect the nutritional value of rice and can disturb the food chain
Rice crop in Pakistan Currently, the main production of rice is produced in India, Vietnam, Japan, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, and Indonesia
Summary
Development Goal 2), the world population is produced to feed everybody, yet until now, 815 increasing, and it is expected to rise 10 billion million people are hungry or living in extreme in 2050. Essential heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, and Zn play a useful role in the growth and development of rice These heavy metals improve several essential mechanisms for the plant growth and enhanced yield and the nutritional level of rice at their optimum level. Excess of necessary concentration of heavy metals or unwanted quantity on earth crust is termed as the toxicity of heavy metals (Figure 1) These heavy metals increase by anthropogenic activities and enter in the human, animal and plant tissues through inhalation, manual handling, and diet, and can bind to, and interrupt the working of essential cellular mechanisms. The terrestrial environment is being contaminated by a variety of sources including smelting and mining processes, electroplating, excess fertilization, wastewater irrigation, and sewage sludge [20], and all of these activities may result in agricultural loam pollution by heavy metal(oid)s [21, 22] (Figures 1& 2). It is known that a gene, aquaporin Lsi, can mediate the uptake of organic As in the rice crop [31]
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