Abstract
ABSTRACT The application of foliar fungicides in vineyards and orchards can increase soil concentration of heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), up to the toxicity threshold for fruit trees and cover crops. However, some agronomic practices, such as liming, addition of organic fertilizers, cultivation of soil cover crops and inoculation of young plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the availability and the potential of heavy metal toxicity to fruit trees. This review aims to compile and present information about the effects of increasing concentrations of heavy metals, especially Cu and Zn, on soils cultivated with fruit trees and provides some agronomic practices of remediation. Information about the sources of heavy metals found in soils cultivated with fruit trees are presented; mechanisms of absorption, transport, accumulation and potential toxicity to plants are described.
Highlights
Heavy metal is a term often used to name a group of metals and semimetals, which are associated with pollution and potential toxicity or ecotoxicity (DUFFUS, 2002)
The heavy metals that are often associated with environmental contamination and toxicity to plants and microorganisms in the soil are arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), among others (NAGAJYOTI et al, 2010)
In these cases, the main source of heavy metals are foliar fungicides used for control of diseases in fruit trees
Summary
RESUMO - A aplicação de fungicidas foliares em vinhedos e pomares pode incrementar os teores de metais pesados, como o cobre (Cu) e o zinco (Zn), em solos e, quando em excesso, podem causar toxidez às frutíferas ou plantas de cobertura. Algumas práticas agronômicas, como a calagem, adição de resíduos orgânicos, cultivo de plantas de cobertura do solo e inoculação de plantas jovens com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) podem diminuir a disponibilidade e o potencial de toxidez de metais pesados às frutíferas. A presente revisão objetivou compilar e apresentar informações sobre os efeitos do aumento dos teores de metais pesados, especialmente, Cu e Zn, em solos cultivados com frutíferas e algumas práticas agronômicas de remediação. Ao longo do texto são apresentadas informações sobre as fontes de metais pesados, com enfase no Cu e Zn, em solos cultivados com frutíferas; mecanismos de absorção, transporte, acúmulo e potencial de toxidez às plantas. São relatadas algumas práticas agronômicas viáveis para remediar o potencial de toxidez de metais pesados em solos cultivados com frutíferas.
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