Abstract
ABSTRACT Heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, chromium, lead, zinc) in 46 cistern water supply systems from single-family dwellings on St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles were considerably below US drinking water limits in most cases. Release of zinc, lead, and cadmium in the distribution system, which is not related to the corrosiveness of the cistern water, caused lead and cadmium to exceed the US Public Health Service standard for 3 (6.5%) and 1 (2.2%) of the cisterns, respectively. The following recommendations are suggested for protecting the roof catchment drinking water supply against heavy metal contamination: • engineer the withdrawal of cistern water to exclude the metal-laden sediment • identify appropriate paints to be used for cistern collection systems • install substituted materials, protective coatings, and replacement of corroded metal parts in the distribution system • discourage the usage of metal containers (e.g., oil) for prolonged water storage • expand cistern water quality analyses t...
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