Abstract
With the increase of global population, wastewater treatment facilities face a major challenge of managing the large quantities of sewage sludge produced in urban areas. Due to this challenge many wastewater treatment plants have opted for use of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer to boost agricultural production. In Machakos Decentralized Treatment Facility (DFT), sewage sludge is usually sold to locals as fertilizer to boost crop production within the municipality. However, sewage sludge produced in municipal wastewater treatment plants is known to contain various heavy metals that may limit its usage as agricultural fertilizer. Studies have shown that sewage sludge has been associated with heavy metals which are linked to harmful effects on humans and environmental health. This study investigated the levels of various heavy metals and macronutrients from sewage sludge obtained from Machakos town wastewater treatment plant to test its suitability for use as fertilizer. Sewage sludge samples were obtained from the treatment plant at Mitheu and transported to Nairobi Agricultural Research Laboratory (NARL) for analysis of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) and macronutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg and K). The results for the heavy metals were Zn=171.13±237mg/kg; Fe=17,877±15,700mg/kg; Mn=445.67±213mg/kg and Cu=41.1±16.71mg/kg) while the macronutrients were K=0.17±0.09%, P=1.26±1.75%, N=0.74±0.47%, Ca=0.48±0.72% and Mg=0.10±0.06%. The heavy metal concentrations were below Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and international permissible limits for sewage sludge application in agriculture and therefore deemed safe. The study concluded that the sewage sludge from Machakos Decentralized Treatment Facility is rich in nutrients and thus a potential fertilizing agent that can be used to boost plant growth in agricultural farms. However, it was noted that not all the wastewater produced in Machakos town gets into the DFT for treatment. Therefore, the study recommended that the county government of Machakos should endeavor to enlarge the small DFT treatment plant to accommodate the large quantities of wastewater generated within the town.
Highlights
Rapid population growth, urbanization and improved coverage in wastewater treatment have led to increased amount of sewage sludge that is generated worldwide
The study was conducted at Machakos Decentralized Treatment Facility located at Mitheu in Machakos town, which falls in a semi-arid land within Machakos Municipality
The application of sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer can lead to accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils
Summary
Urbanization and improved coverage in wastewater treatment have led to increased amount of sewage sludge that is generated worldwide. Sewage treatment and proper disposal of sludge generated by wastewater treatment facilities is a cornerstone of public and environmental health [6]. One preferred method to remove sewage sludge in industrialized and populous countries is by using it in Journal of Health and Environmental Research 2021; 7(2): 99-104 agricultural production [7]. In Europe the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is encouraged as the most viable method of reusing the waste material since it contains high amounts of macronutrients and organic matter up to 50-60% [8]. It is estimated more than 50% of sewage sludge produced in Europe is used in agriculture [9]. Sewage sludge can be used in reclamation of degraded areas [10]
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