Abstract
AbstractAcute toxicity and genotoxicity of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, and zinc dissolved in deionized water and in sewage were established by comparing the EC50 and EC20 values obtained by different microbial assays. For acute toxicity determination, The Netherlands Standard NEN6509 test, the spectrophotometric assays of respiratory inhibition using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the Microtox® test were employed. To determine metal genotoxicity, the Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli mutagenicity tests, the SOS‐β‐galactosidase genotoxicity test, and the Mutatox™ assay were used. The toxicity of the different assayed metals varied from the most toxic, mercury, to the least toxic, nickel and zinc. Two different rankings of toxicity and genotoxicity, very similar to each other, were established. The toxicity ranking was Hg > Cr > Cd ∼ Cu ∼ Zn > Ni, and the genotoxicity ranking was Hg > Cr > Cu ∼ Cd ∼ Ni > Zn. The association between the toxicity and genotoxicity of copper and chromium in the dissolved and suspended fractions of sewage was also determined. Copper was mainly associated with the suspended fractions and chromium with the dissolved fractions of sewage.
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