Heavy Metal Pollution in the Birim River of Ghana

Bright Oppong Afum

doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20160403.11

Abstract

The Birim River, one of the main tributaries of the Pra River is among the important freshwater bodies in Ghana which serves as a rich source for gold and diamond production in the country. Artisanal mining activities along river bodies promote continual introduction of wide range of contaminants (heavy metals) into these water bodies, and their toxicity poses great threat to the ecology as well as the environment. This study assesses the level of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in the Birim River of Ghana. The concentrations of the heavy metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Heavy metals concentration were analysed in the dissolved, suspended mineral fractions, and sediment phases of the River. The result obtained showed that the Birim River is heavily polluted with heavy metals. Samples [Apapam (KB2), Ahwenease (KB3), Adadeatem (KB4), Adukrom (KB5), Akim (KA2), Abodom (KA3), Kade (KA4), Anweaso (KA10) and Kusi (KA11)] with high heavy metals concentrations are located in areas where small scale mining is dominant, indicating that the major contamination source in the water body is resulting from small scale mining activities. Heavy metals concentration measured as dissolved were lower than WHO standards with the exception of Fe. There are high accumulations of heavy metals in the suspended mineral fractions of the river. The sediments were also greatly polluted with heavy metal sinks.

Highlights

The control of water pollution in recent times has become the primary concern in developed and several developing countries in the world
This paper reports on the concentrations, mobility, and the general pollution loads of heavy metals in the Birim River of Ghana
The concentrations of the heavy metals in all the samples and its considered tributaries were measured as dissolved pollutants, suspended sediments, and available or labile pollutants

Summary

Introduction

The control of water pollution in recent times has become the primary concern in developed and several developing countries in the world. The environmental impact of small-scale gold mining in developing countries and sub-Saharan Africa is well documented [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Ghana is one of the country’s in which the environmental impacts of small scale gold-mining activities are becoming increasingly unmanageable [7]. There is budding public concern about the condition of fresh waters in Ghana due to the rapid growing nature of small scale mining industry. Small scale mining in Ghana is defined as “mining by any method not involving substantial expenditure by any individual or group of persons not exceeding nine in number or by a cooperative society made up of ten or more persons” [8, 19]

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Results

Conclusion