Heavy metal interactions with phosphatic clay: sorption and desorption behavior.

Abstract

Heavy metals produced and released during agricultural and industrial activities may pose a serious threat to the environment. This study investigated the effectiveness of phosphatic clay, a by-product of the phosphate mining industry, for immobilizing heavy metals (Pb(+2), Cd(+2), and Zn(+2)) from aqueous solutions. A batch equilibrium technique was adopted to evaluate metal sorption in the presence of 0.05 M KNO3 background electrolyte solution. The amounts of metals sorbed onto phosphatic clay decreased in the order Pb(+2) > Cd(+2) > Zn(+2). Desorption data suggest that a large fraction of metals sorbed onto phosphatic clay stayed intact under a wide variation in extracting solution pH (ranging from 3 to 10). Desorption rates were slowest for Pb followed by Cd and Zn. Only 8.1 to 23.1% of Pb, 8.4 to 45% of Cd, and 21.9 to 73.9% of Zn sorbed on phosphatic clay was mobilized by USEPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) solutions at pH 2.93+/-0.05 and 4.93+/-0.05, respectively. Formation of fluoropyromorphite [Pb10(PO4)6(F2)], confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), after reaction of aqueous Pb with phosphatic clay suggested that precipitation remained the dominant mechanism for Pb removal from aqueous solution. In the case of aqueous Cd and Zn interaction with phosphatic clay, we are not able to confirm the formation of a new amorphous and/or crystalline phase on the basis of available information. Other possible sorption mechanisms for Cd and Zn may include sorption and coprecipitation. Thus, phosphatic clay may be an effective amendment for in situ immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments.