Abstract
Background.Increased growth of industrial activities, especially in urban centers, is one of the main sources of toxic substances in Nigeria. The level of these impacts is not well known. Soil and sediment samples from one such industrial area were examined for their mineralogical composition and heavy metals contents in order to assess the level of contamination and potential ecological risk status.Methods.Mineralogical composition of the media and their heavy metals concentrations were determined using X-ray diffractometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods, respectively. Ecological risk assessment was carried out using single (contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor) and multi-elemental (contamination degree, pollution index and modified pollution index) standard indices.Results.The average heavy metal concentrations in soils and sediments followed the order magnesium (Mn) > chromium (Cr) > lead (Pb) > copper (Cu) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt (Co) > nickel (Ni), with corresponding values for soils and sediments of 324.3, 79.9, 66.1, 40.7, 14.3, 9.1, 6.8 mg kg−1 and 266.8, 78.6, 40.6, 39.8, 12.9, 8.4, 4.6 mg kg−1, respectively. Principal component (PC) analysis of the results indicated three main sources of metals (industrial, vehicular activities and geogenic input). Evaluated contamination factor (Cf), enrichment factor (Ef) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) revealed very high contamination for Pb, Cd and Cu in all of the samples, with calculated pollution index (PI) and modified pollution index (MPI) revealing that all the samples were severely polluted. Calculated potential ecological risk factor (ERi) within the industrial area demonstrated a strong potential ecological risk for Cd, Pb and Cu.Conclusions.Activities in the industrial area have affected the quality of the analyzed environmental media, with possible detrimental health consequences. Regular environmental monitoring of the industrial area and the formulation of appropriate policies that support reduction of contamination are strongly recommended. However, due to the limitations of comparing site samples with a single control sample in this work, further study is recommended to compliment this preliminary study.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests
Highlights
Heavy metals accumulation in soils, sediments and their subsequent release to ground or surface water poses an environmental threat
Soil and sediment samples from one such industrial area were examined for their mineralogical composition and heavy metals contents in order to assess the level of contamination and potential ecological risk status
Ecological risk assessment was carried out using single and multi-elemental standard indices
Summary
Heavy metals accumulation in soils, sediments and their subsequent release to ground or surface water poses an environmental threat. Soil and sediment samples from one such industrial area were examined for their mineralogical composition and heavy metals contents in order to assess the level of contamination and potential ecological risk status. J Health Pollution 19: 180906 (2018) © Pure Earth vicinity of industrial activities have often been found to be significantly contaminated with heavy metals These metals, especially lead (Pb), pose a significant health hazard, to children, who are the most susceptible to lead toxicity.[8] In addition, weathering of rocks and the associated release of major and trace elements due to chemical changes and mineral alterations have been reported as sources of geogenic soil contamination.[9,10,11]
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