Abstract
In urban areas, dry and wet atmospheric deposits are more rarely sampled than atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, fallout data are needed in order to compare concentrations and fluxes with street deposits and with samples collected during rain periods at roof outlets, gullies or within the sewer system. Such comparisons represent key issues in the understanding of micropollutant transport and evolution in urban areas. Within the Paris conurbation, four sites have been studied for dry, wet and total atmospheric deposits: Chatou, a suburb west of the Paris conurbation, Créteil, suburb, south-east, Fontainebleau at 48 km south-east from the centre of Paris, and ‘Le Marais’ within the centre of Paris. On each site, samples were continuously collected from 2 to 13 months. Comparison of median values of metal concentrations in various components of atmospheric fallout illustrates the influence of urban emissions: rainwater contamination with trace metals is only slightly larger in the centre of Paris than at Fontainebleau which illustrates the occurrence of medium range transport of atmospheric contamination. Focusing on an experimental urban catchment equipped with combined sewers, situated inside the ‘Le Marais’ district, within Paris, this paper compares metal concentrations of atmospheric deposits to dissolved and particulate ones in runoff from four roofs, three yards, six gullies, and at the catchment outlet. This comparison allows a better understanding of metal transport in urban areas and of the evolution of metal distribution between dissolved and particulate fractions.
Highlights
In urban areas, many economic activities Žtransportation, domestic waste incineration, some industries . . . . generate atmospheric emission of mostly sub-micron particles
Many economic activities Žtransportation, domestic waste incineration, some industries . . . . generate atmospheric emission of mostly sub-micron particles. These very small particles may be transported over very long distances: the so-called remote pollution by urban areas has been studied over lakes or seas where it may figure as a major trace metal input to large aquatic ecosystems
This paper presents metal concentrations of atmospheric deposits collected at four sites inside the Paris conurbation, either in the suburb or the centre of the city
Summary
Many economic activities Žtransportation, domestic waste incineration, some industries . . . . generate atmospheric emission of mostly sub-micron particles. . generate atmospheric emission of mostly sub-micron particles These very small particles may be transported over very long distances: the so-called remote pollution by urban areas has been studied over lakes or seas where it may figure as a major trace metal input to large aquatic ecosystems. Many sampling campaigns have focused on total deposition and wet deposition, dry deposition being computed as the difference ŽGranier, 1991. Because of street cleaning, dry and wet deposition may have significantly different fates inside the urban drainage system: it was most important to assess both types of metal contamination with a similar accuracy
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