Abstract
Construction of spillways on clay shale in Western Canada has resulted in some serious heave problems. This paper briefly describes the clay shales of the area and gives typical laboratory swelling test results. It has not yet been possible to predict total heave and rate of heave from laboratory tests. Observational programs to check the performance of existing structures as well as special tests were undertaken to provide information required for design. Typical heave observations at spillways showing the effect of seepage, frost action, and hold-down piles are included.
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