Abstract
This study examines the effect of cohesive particle properties and rotary drum operating conditions on heat transfer. Simulations were performed using the Discrete Element Method and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts contact model. Key variables analyzed include material properties (surface energy, particle size, thermal conductivity), fill level, and rotational speed. Angle of repose (AOR) tests were simulated for varying surface energies to establish a correlation between cohesion and bulk properties. Results showed that the AOR was proportional to the particle Bond number and maintaining a constant Bond number across different particle sizes produced similar heating patterns. This enables practical mapping of properties for future modeling and experimentation. Cohesion between particles was found to linearly decrease the rate of heat transfer, whereas adhesion between particles and the drum walls linearly increased it, leading to temperature non-uniformity among particles. Additionally, baffles enhanced heat transfer under cohesive conditions, although their effectiveness decreased with increased adhesion.
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