Heat transfer and entropy analysis of Maxwell hybrid nanofluid including effects of inclined magnetic field, Joule heating and thermal radiation

Abstract

In this numerical study, researchers explore the flow, heat transfer and entropy of electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid over the horizontal penetrable stretching surface with velocity slip conditions at the interface. The non-Newtonian fluid models lead to better understanding of flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. Therefore, non-Newtonian Maxwell mathematical model is considered for the hybrid nanofluid and the uniform magnetic field is applied at an angle to the direction of the flow. The Joule heating and thermal radiation impact are also considered in the simplified model. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations for hybrid Maxwell nanofluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation are simplified by taking boundary layer approximations and then reduced to ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The Keller box scheme is then adopted to solve the system of ordinary differential equations. The Ethylene glycol based Copper Ethylene glycol ( \begin{document}$ Cu $\end{document} - \begin{document}$ EG $\end{document} ) nanofluid and Ferro-Copper Ethylene glycol ( \begin{document}$ Fe_3O_4-Cu $\end{document} - \begin{document}$ EG $\end{document} ) hybrid nanofluids are considered to produce the numerical results for velocity, temperature and entropy profiles as well as the skin friction factor and the local Nusselt number. The main findings indicate that hybrid Maxwell nanofluid is better thermal conductor when compared with the conventional nanofluid, the greater angle of inclination of magnetic field offers greater resistance to fluid motion within boundary layer and the heat transfer rate act as descending function of nanoparticles shape factor.