Abstract
BackgroundSalvia splendens Ker-Gawl, most commonly used in China to add a splash of brilliant color to the surroundings during the warm season, is subject to heat stress, which can greatly affect its growth and yield.ResultsTo gain a comprehensive understanding of heat-tolerance mechanisms of S. splendens, we assessed the heat-stress responses and characterized the proteomes of leaves from two varieties, Vista (heat resistant) and King (heat sensitive). Denaturing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2–DE) and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify heat-responsive proteins. Heat stress induced the reversible inactivation of photosystem II reaction centers and increased the amounts of antioxidative enzymes, thereby decreasing oxidative damage. Vista leaves had a much greater ability than King leaves to develop light-protective and oxygen-scavenging systems in response to heat stress. More than 1213 leaf proteome spots were reproducibly detected in the gels, with a total of 33 proteins in each leaf type differentially regulated when Salvia splendens were heat stress treated. Of these proteins, 23 and 28 from Vista and King, respectively, were identified.ConclusionsMost of the identified proteins are involved in photosynthesis, metabolism, protein processing, or stress response, indicating that many different processes work together to establish a new cellular homeostasis in response to heat stress.
Highlights
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, most commonly used in China to add a splash of brilliant color to the surroundings during the warm season, is subject to heat stress, which can greatly affect its growth and yield
Morphological and physiological changes induced by heat stress Burn marks, which manifested as reddish-brown spots, were seen on only King leaves induced by heat stress, and some of those leaves had a scorched-like appearance
Differences in the Cell membrane stability (CMS) values were recorded for the two S. splendens cultivars, with Vista exhibiting a significantly greater CMS value (p≤0.05) than King (Figure 2A), which suggests that Vista leaves are more heat tolerant than are King leaves
Summary
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, most commonly used in China to add a splash of brilliant color to the surroundings during the warm season, is subject to heat stress, which can greatly affect its growth and yield. Heat stress is one of the greatest impediments affecting successful development of bedding plants. Transitory or consistently high temperatures cause many morpho-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants that affect growth and development and thereby drastically reduce yield. Because atmospheric CO2 levels have increased since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the average global temperature is expected to increase by 2–5°C during this century [1], which could intensify the effects of heat stress on many plants. The resulting damage to plants caused by heat stress includes inhibition of photosynthesis, damage to cell membranes, senescence, and cell death [3].
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