Heat related illnesses: Diagnosis and Treatment Update

Abstract

The probability and intensity of symptoms linked to severe temperatures are contingent upon physiological and environmental factors. Environmental risk factors encompass fluctuations in weather conditions, insufficient attire or shelter (such as homelessness or homes lacking proper temperature regulation), and exposure in occupational or recreational settings. This review aimed to describe diagnosis and treatment update of heat related illnesses. Heat-related illnesses are commonly seen as environmental emergencies in emergency departments. The thermal energy accumulated in the body is influenced by internal metabolic processes and external factors such as temperature and humidity. Hyperthermia occurs when the body is unable to regulate its internal temperature and loses heat. Heat cramps refer to the occurrence of painful contractions and strong spasms in the skeletal muscles, which typically happen during or right after physical activity. The symptoms and clinical findings of heat exhaustion include a slightly elevated core body temperature that is still below 40°C, a rapid heartbeat, and damp skin. Brain dysfunction is a characteristic feature of heat stroke, occurring when the core body temperature exceeds 40°C. High mortality rates resulting from heat stroke are most commonly caused by multiorgan dysfunction. Patients are also at risk of experiencing rhabdomyolysis, ARDS, and inflammation even after their body temperature returns to normal. Optimal therapy for heat-related disease involves promptly identifying the condition, initiating immediate cooling measures, and preventing shivering during the cooling process.