Abstract
The wider Zagreb city area, the capital city of the Republic of Croatia, has signifi cant potential for major implementation of geothermal heat pump systems in not just the residential sector, but in the commercial sector as well. Geothermal heat pumps often cumulatively describe diff erent earth energy heat exchanger installations, from groundwater up to shallow ground horizontal and borehole heat exchanger installations. The Zagreb area is especially favourable for both hydrogeological and thermogeological parameters, which allows for the implementation of diff erent designs for residential and commercial heating and cooling. An analysis of comparative energy and economic advantages of heating and cooling with heat pump systems (air, ground or groundwater) was made for the capital city of Zagreb. Since heat pump systems in residential areas are always a higher- class investment, there is often a need for year- round heating since projects increasingly incorporate outdoor swimming pools. Up till now, many authors investigated a comparison of winter heating energy costs for diff erent heat pump systems. However, outdoor swimming pools sometimes consume as much heating energy during the spring- summer-autumn seasons, as do houses in the autumn- winter-spring seasons. Since air temperatures during the spring-summer seasons are much more favourable than sub-cooled ground or groundwater temperatures, air-source heat pumps when used during the whole year for heating, could off set an economically unfavourable coeffi cient of performance (COP) during the coldest days of winter. On a real residential home, currently in the construction phase, techno-economic analysis was performed comparing the seasonal performance factor (SPF) for different heat pump systems during year-round heating.
Highlights
The most common type of heat pump is the AirSource Heat Pump (ASHP), which transfers heat between the indoor and outside air
Since heat pumps are often installed in higher-class residential housing, it usually requires year-round energy needs, mostly due to secondary heating of outdoor or indoor swimming pools
As presented in this paper, ground-source and groundwater systems lose much of the techno-economic advantages compared to air-source heat pumps due to more favourable conditions in the summer-time heating with air
Summary
The most common type of heat pump is the AirSource Heat Pump (ASHP), which transfers heat between the indoor and outside air. It can be divided to vertical GCHP, with one or two Uloop polyethylene pipes placed in a borehole with the usual depth of 100m, and horizontal GCHP, which implies all sorts of designs from single pipes, multiple pipes, or coil pipes placed in narrow trenches with the usual depth of 1.5 – 5.0m. All of these ground exchanger designs, must be carefully planned and tested with the Thermal Response Test (TRT) to confirm heating capacity, according to thermogeology and climate parameters. By implementing an hourly bin temperature, techno-economic analysis was carried out to determine operating costs of the geothermal heat pump, compared to a natural gas boiler as a common heating system
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