Heat-pressed ionomer glass–ceramics. Part II. Mechanical property evaluation

Abstract

Objectives. A series of ionomer glasses based on the formula: 4.5SiO 2–1.5P 2O 5–( X)Al 2O 3–4.5CaO–0.5CaF 2, were investigated where X was varied from 3.0 to 1.5 in order to develop heat pressable dental ceramics. Methods. The glasses were heat-pressed and then subjected to different heat-treatment cycles. The mechanical properties of the glass–ceramics were investigated, specimens were tested for hardness, fracture toughness (indentation method) and flexural strength (biaxial method). Results. Good mechanical properties were obtained for heat-treatments at lower temperatures (i.e. 1150 °C). At intermediate heat-treatment temperatures the glass–ceramics were highly crystalline which did not favor the mechanical properties. There appears to be an inverse relationship between fracture toughness and flexural strength. High fracture toughness values of 2.7 (0.4) MPam 0.5 were produced for the X=2.8 glass heat-treated for 8 h at 1150 °C, the flexural strength was lowest for this heat-treatment. High flexural strengths of 194.4 (75.0) MPa were obtained by heat-treating the same glass for 1 h at 1150 °C. Increasing the hold time increases crystal size thereby increasing the extent of microcracking in the glass–ceramic thus lowering the flexural strength. Microcracks appear to increase the fracture toughness of the glass–ceramics probably by a crack termination mechanism. Significance. Good flexural strength and high fracture toughness are attainable in this system, but appear to be mutually exclusive in the materials studied. With further investigation this system could provide clinically useful materials.