Abstract
AbstractCalifornia guidelines for indirect potable recycled wastewater reuse projects currently require groundwater tracers to demonstrate subsurface residence time for pathogenic microorganism control. Residence times over 6 months from infiltration to drinking water extraction are required. Two prospective tracers were evaluated in this case study: boron-10 (as B10-enriched boric acid) and heat (with recharging water ∼10°C warmer than native groundwater). Bromide (Br−) was also released as a control. B10 is attractive as a deliberate tracer because (1) reasonably accurate and affordable measurements can be made on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) system, and (2) isotopic tracers require significantly less mass to tag an equivalent water volume than concentration-based salt tracers like Br−. B10 and Br− tracer breakthroughs were observed at seven of nine monitoring wells, although at one well the detection of B10 was barely observable and may have resulted from a slight change in ...
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