Abstract
An enhancement in the thermal conductivity of conventional base fluids has been a topic of great concern in recent years. An effective way to improve the heat transfer rate of conventional base fluids is the suspension of solid nanoparticles. In this framework, a theoretical study is performed to analyse the heat and mass transfer performance in the time-dependent flow of non-Newtonian Williamson nanofluid towards a stretching surface. There exist several studies focusing on the flow of Williamson fluid by assuming zero infinite shear rate viscosity. Nonetheless, there is a lack of knowledge regarding mathematical formulation for two-dimensional flow of the Williamson fluid by taking into account the impacts of infinite shear rate viscosity. In the current review, the Buongiorno model for nanofluids associated with Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion is employed to describe the heat transfer performance of nanofluids. The thermal system is composed of flow velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration fields, respectively. The governing dimensionless equations are solved numerically by Runge–Kutta Fehlberg integration method. The numerical results are compared with published results and are found to have an excellent agreement. Effects of numerous dimensionless parameters on velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration field together with the skin friction coefficient and rates of heat and mass transfer are presented with the assistance of graphical and tabular illustrations. With this analysis, we reached that the thermal boundary layer thickness as well as the nanofluids temperature has higher values with increase in thermophoresis and Brownian motion. It is further observed that the rate of heat transfer is significantly raised with an increment in Prandtl number and unsteadiness parameter.
Highlights
The world is confronting a noteworthy problem of low heat transfer rate of base fluids, which limits the effectiveness of heat transfer performance in heat exchangers
We discuss the numerical results in terms of non-dimensional velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration for different model parameters, like, unsteadiness parameter, viscosity ratio parameter, Weissenberg number, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter and Lewis number
Temperature of the nanofluids was considerably promoted by the thermophoresis phenomenon
Summary
The world is confronting a noteworthy problem of low heat transfer rate of base fluids, which limits the effectiveness of heat transfer performance in heat exchangers. The most regular working liquids are water, ethanol and ethylene–glycol blend To cope up this problem, recently, engineers and scientists have shown their great concern in improving the thermal properties of energy transmission fluids and their heat transfer performance for industrial applications. This innovation aims at enhancing the thermal conductivities and the convective heat transfer of fluids through suspensions of ultrafine nanoparticles in the base fluids. It is experimentally verified that the nanoparticles may be of the shape like spherical, rod-like, tubular.
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