Heart rate variability evaluation in the assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

IntroductionHeart rate variability (HRV) is a respected measure used in the assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and it can serve as an independent prognostic indicator of sudden arrhythmic death risk. Despite the importance of early detection, the diagnosis of CAN is often made too late, especially in diabetics. Besides the long subclinical phase of CAN, reasons for this include great diversification of employed diagnostic methods and absence of universally accepted normal values; the latter applies mostly in HRV evaluated using short-term spectral analysis (SAHRV). AimThe aim of this cross-sectional study involving patients with type 2 diabetes was to summarize the real potential of using a testing method for CAN diagnosis by short-term SAHRV, including an autonomic load imposed during an orthoclinostatic test (Supine1–Standing–Supine2, short 5-min recordings). Three different normative approaches to the postprocessing analysis of acquired data described by different authors were employed.Secondary aim of the study was to assess the benefit of rate-controlled breathing. The next aim was to compare the HRV data measured with the selected clinical and laboratory indices in patient examined. Materials and methodsThe study included 43 patients with type 2 diabetes (12 women, 31 men, mean age 51.1±10.7 y) and no history of manifest CAN or serious cardiovascular illness, except uncomplicated hypertension. Using a diagnostic system DiANS PF8 with telemetric transfer of ECG and respiratory rate, series of reflex tests according to Ewing and SAHRV (Fourier tachogram analysis, window 256) during autonomic load imposed by Supine1–Standing–Supine2 test (SSS test) and during 5min of rate-controlled, non-deepened breathing (PB, 12cycles/min) were performed. Acquired spectral indices were analyzed and compared with normatives of 3 authors using the same recording algorithm, SSS test, but different data postprocessing analysis. These were (1) so called “functional age” of autonomic nervous system (ANS), (2) assessment of CAN severity according to age-stratified medians and percentiles, (3) assessment of CAN severity according to cumulative spectral power during the entire test (cumLFHF). ResultsAccording to the total Ewing score (ETS), 11.6% patients were categorized as CAN-free (ETS=0), 32.6% were diagnosed with possible CAN (ETS=1), and 55.8% labeled with manifest CAN (ETS=2–3). Moderate correlation between ETS and individual SAHRV parameters following orthoclinostasis (test SSS) in Supine2 position was described [ms2]: TP (total power, f=0.02–0.5Hz): r=−0.4, p<0.006; LF component (low frequency, 0.05–0.15Hz): r=−0.31, p<0.04; HF component (high frequency, 0.15–0.5Hz): r=−0.45, p<0.003) and the same applied to rate-controlled breathing PB (TP, [ms2]: r=−0.56, p<0.0001; LF: r=−0.38, p<0.018; HF: r=−0.52, p<0.001). Moderate correlation was also found between ETS and HRV assessment using a complex indicator – “functional age of ANS” (r=0.37, p<0.015), ETS and cumLFHF [ms2, lnms2]: r=−0.46, p<0.002). In most patients, significant difference between functional age of ANS and calendar age was confirmed (mean 21.8±12.9 y, median 23.5 years, p<0.0001). An attempt to assess the severity CAN using age-stratified medians and percentiles of TP, LF, HF, and LF/HF was not successful.As for SAHRV and clinical indices (anthropometric, echocardiographic, QTc, laboratory), moderate correlation between the glycated hemoglobin on one side and basic SAHRV indices (TP, LF, HF, LF/HF), functional age of ANS and cumLFHF on the other side was prominent (r=0.36–0.53, p<0.0004 to p<0.02). ConclusionAssessment of CAN using evaluation of HRV can optimally be performed (and simply realized in clinical practice) using SAHRV based on short ECG recordings during autonomic load imposed by orthoclinostatic test (Supine1–Standing–Supine2) and on postprocessing data analysis using complex indicator called “functional age of ANS”. In the detailed evaluation of sympathovagal balance, it complements the screening assessment with cardiovascular reflex tests (Ewing's battery). Besides the orthoclinostatic load, pronounced vagal provocation using rate-controlled, non-deepened breathing (12cycles/min) represents a recommended facultative load option increasing the yield of the SAHRV method.The detection and assessment of CAN severity while applying the cumulative indicator of HRV (cumLFHF) showed a good discrimination power in the frontline screening for CAN, albeit without the possibility to distinguish between the sympathetic and vagal branch of ANS.Presented cross-sectional study in type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated a significant autonomic dysfunction in majority patients examined, independently of diabetes duration. It supports the recommendation to assess the ANS integrity in type 2 diabetes already at diagnosis, within the initial staging of the illness. The severity of CAN correlates well with metabolic control of diabetes as evaluated by glycated hemoglobin.