Abstract
If the scalp potential signals, the electroencephalogram (EEG), are due to neural “singers” in the brain, how could we listen to them with less distortion? One crucial point is that the data recording on the scalp should be faithful and accurate, thus the choice of reference electrode is a vital factor determining the faithfulness of the data. In this study, music on the scalp derived from data in the brain using three different reference electrodes were compared, including approximate zero reference—reference electrode standardization technique (REST), average reference (AR), and linked mastoids reference (LM). The classic music pieces in waveform format were used as simulated sources inside a head model, and they were forward calculated to scalp as standard potential recordings, i.e., waveform format music from the brain with true zero reference. Then these scalp music was re-referenced into REST, AR, and LM based data, and compared with the original forward data (true zero reference). For real data, the EEG recorded in an orthodontic pain control experiment were utilized for music generation with the three references, and the scale free index (SFI) of these music pieces were compared. The results showed that in the simulation for only one source, different references do not change the music/waveform; for two sources or more, REST provide the most faithful music/waveform to the original ones inside the brain, and the distortions caused by AR and LM were spatial locations of both source and scalp electrode dependent. The brainwave music from the real EEG data showed that REST and AR make the differences of SFI between two states more recognized and found the frontal is the main region that producing the music. In conclusion, REST can reconstruct the true signals approximately, and it can be used to help to listen to the true voice of the neural singers in the brain.
Highlights
The electroencephalogram (EEG), one of the most useful technologies for brain research, has been recommended for its non- invasiveness and high time resolution
The signal used as a single source in the simulation was BWV 772 (Figure 1A) that composed by Bach
The source was put in 300 different locations of the head modal, and I calculated the relative errors between the standard signals and the re-reference
Summary
The electroencephalogram (EEG), one of the most useful technologies for brain research, has been recommended for its non- invasiveness and high time resolution. Parameter mapping is the most popular method and widely used (Rosenboom, 1976; Hinterberger and Baier, 2005), because it provides a sensitive way to detect the small variations in the amplitude and frequency of brain waves that are ignored by conventional EEG technique in real time (Väljamäe et al, 2013), and can indicate some essential features, i.e., the scale free law, followed by both EEG and music (Wu et al, 2009).
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