Abstract
Several causative factors are associated with hearing loss (HL) and brain disorders. However, there are many unidentified disease modifiers in these conditions. Our study summarised the most common brain disorders associated with HL and highlighted mechanisms of pathologies. We searched the literature for published articles on HL and brain disorders. Alzheimer’s disease/dementia, Parkinson’s disease, cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder, ataxia, epilepsy, stroke, and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy majorly co-interact with HL. The estimated incidence rate was 113 per 10,000 person-years. Genetic, epigenetic, early life/neonatal stress, hypoxia, inflammation, nitric oxide infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and excess glutamate were the distinguished modifiers identified. Various mechanisms like adhesion molecules, transport proteins, hair cell apoptosis, and neurodegeneration have been implicated in these conditions and are serving as potential targets for therapies. To improve the quality of life of patients, these understandings will improve clinical diagnoses and management of HL and brain disorders.
Highlights
Hearing loss (HL), deafness, or hearing impairment can be described as a total or partial inability to hear sounds.HL could be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed, depending on the parts of the auditory system being affected [1]
The results of our analyses showed that Alzheimer’s disease/dementia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), cognitive
Complex biological pathways and modifiers are involved in the onset of HL and brain disorders
Summary
Hearing loss (HL), deafness, or hearing impairment can be described as a total or partial inability to hear sounds. HL could be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed, depending on the parts of the auditory system being affected [1]. Approximately 400 million people are diagnosed of HL [2,3] and millions of people suffered from one form of brain disorders. Environmental and genetic factors have been identified as the leading contributors. Syndromic HL is associated with numerous syndromes like Waardenburg syndrome, branchiootorenal syndrome, Usher syndrome, Pendred syndrome, keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, and Alport syndrome [1,4]. Non-syndromic HL is a form of sensorineural HL that is not linked to a syndrome [5]
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