Healthy lifestyle factors and incident heart disease and mortality in candidates for primary prevention with statin therapy

Abstract

BackgroundThere are limited data on the use of healthy lifestyles among adults who are candidates for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with statin therapy due to a 10-year predicted risk ≥7.5%. We determined the prevalence of healthy lifestyle factors and their association with incident ASCVD and all-cause mortality in the Reason for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study participants (n=5709). MethodsLifestyle factors (non-obese waist circumference, physical activity ≥5 times-per-week, non-smoking, low saturated-fat-intake, highest Mediterranean diet score quartile) were assessed during an in-home examination and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Adjudicated incident ASCVD (nonfatal/fatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death) and all-cause mortality were identified through active participant follow-up. ResultsOverall, 5.1%, 28.9%, 36.9%, 21.7% and 7.5% had 0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 of the 5 healthy lifestyle factors studied. There were 377 incident ASCVD events (203 CHD events and 174 strokes) and 471 deaths during 5.8 and 6.0 median years of follow-up, respectively. ASCVD incidence rates (95% CI) per 1000-person-years associated with 0, 1, 2, 3 and ≥4 healthy lifestyles were 13.4 (7.3–19.5), 12.8 (10.4–15.2), 11.0 (9.0–12.9), 11.0 (8.3–13.7), and 8.7 (4.9–12.4), respectively. Mortality rates associated with 0, 1, 2, 3 and ≥4 healthy lifestyles were 20.6 (13.3–27.8), 15.9 (13.3–18.5), 13.1 (10.9–15.2), 12.6 (9.9–15.2) and 9.2 (5.3–13.2) per 1000-person-years, respectively. The use of more healthy lifestyles was associated with lower risks for ASCVD and mortality after multivariable adjustment. ConclusionHealthy lifestyles are underutilized among high-risk US adults and may substantially reduce their ASCVD risk.