Healthy and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Dogs Have Differences in Serum Metabolomics and Renal Diet May Have Slowed Disease Progression.

Marcio Antonio Brunetto,Juliana Toloi Jeremias,Luis Alberto Colnago,Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini,Fernanda Maria Marins Ocampos,Bruna Ruberti,Marcia Mery Kogika,Douglas Segalla Caragelasco,Doris Pereira Halfen,Henrique Tobaro Macedo,Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira Pontieri,Vivian Pedrinelli

doi:10.3390/metabo11110782

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in dogs, and metabolomics investigation has been recently introduced for a better understanding of the role of diet in CKD. This study aimed to compare the serum metabolomic profile of healthy dogs (CG) and dogs with CKD (CKD-T0 and CKD-T6) to evaluate whether the diet would affect metabolites. Six dogs (5 females; 1 male; 7.47 ± 2.31 years old) with CKD stage 3 or 4 (IRIS) were included. CG consisted of 10 healthy female dogs (5.89 ± 2.57 years old) fed a maintenance diet. Serum metabolites were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed to assess differences in metabolomic profiles between groups and before (CKD-T0) and after renal diet (CKD-T6). Data analysis was performed on SIMCA-P software. Dogs with CKD showed an altered metabolic profile with increased urea, creatinine, creatine, citrate, and lipids. Lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and glutamine were decreased in the CKD group. However, after 6 months of diet, the metabolite profiles of CKD-T0 and CKD-T6 were similar. Metabolomics profile may be useful to evaluate and recognize metabolic dysfunction and progression of CKD, and the diet may have helped maintain and retard the progression of CKD.

Highlights

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in dogs and is considered the most common renal disease in senile patients, though it occurs in all ages
This study aims to compare the serum metabolomic profile between healthy and CKD dogs and to assess whether diet intervention affects serum metabolites
Branchedchain amino acids (BCAAs), and glutamine concentrations decreased in the CKD dogs

Summary

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in dogs and is considered the most common renal disease in senile patients, though it occurs in all ages. CKD is characterized by progressive loss of renal function and is associated with high mortality [1,2]. Consecutive failure to excrete waste metabolites may lead to uremic syndrome [2,3]. This syndrome is commonly observed in late-stage CKD patients [4] and may modify the biochemical and physiological functions of the animal. In humans, decreased renal function has been associated with hospitalization [5], cognitive dysfunction [6], and poor quality of life [7], and it is considered a global health burden with a high economic cost to the health system [8]

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