Abstract
Investigation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) in soils and vegetables; and the consequent health risks connected with ingestion of the vegetables was conducted at Agbabu farm (F) settlement close to bitumen mining area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Soil and eleven vegetables were sampled from ten farms (Fs) and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr concentrations. Health risk parameters such as daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI), target health quotient (THQ), and total diet target health quotient (TTHQ) were evaluated. Except Cd, other metals in soils were below their respective maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) set for agro soils. Only Cd and Pb were higher in vegetables than their respective MACs. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the metals were higher in Talinum triangulare but lower for Cd, Zn, Cr and Pb in Solanum macrocarpon, Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, and Taraxacum officinale respectively. DIMs of Cd, Zn and Pb for adults and children were higher than 0.0035, 0.001 and 0.300 mg/kg/day respective values of oral reference doses (RfD). The DIMs of Cr ingestion by children were above the RfD of Cr for all vegetables, while DIMs of ingesting Cr by adults were above Cr RfD for some vegetables. The (HRI >1) for Pb, Cd and Zn; (THQ >1) for Pb, Cd; and (TTHQ >1) indicated health risks in connection with the ingestion of these vegetables. These health risks were higher for children.
Highlights
Agriculture is an economy boosting activity in many countries in developing countries [1] because it is a means of food production
Production of food crops vegetable crops are very sensitive to soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) mainly due to the higher risk of metal uptake and accumulation in human tissues [2, 3, 4]
Values of Pb in this study were higher than some values and lower than others reported in [48] concerning soil in Agbabu area of bitumen deposit, Nigeria
Summary
Agriculture is an economy boosting activity in many countries in developing countries [1] because it is a means of food production. Production of food crops vegetable crops are very sensitive to soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) mainly due to the higher risk of metal uptake and accumulation in human tissues [2, 3, 4]. Another important source of economy boom is availability of natural resources, but mining activities connected with these resources are usually located around farmlands and affect the plants [5]. Abandoned mine sites and nearby farmlands in north western Nigeria have been reported in [11] to have high pollution level with Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Hg, and slight pollution with Mn and Fe
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