Abstract
The research focused on assessing the risk to human health resulting from the content of selected Cr, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn and Sr metals in tap water supplied by Upper Silesia Water Plant to the inhabitants of the Upper Silesia region (Poland). It is the main supplier of drinking water to several million inhabitants of this agglomeration. Samples were taken and analyzed quarterly in 2019. The sampling points were chosen to help identify the source when an elevated level of a particular contaminant is observed. ICP-MS and ICP-OES have been used to measure the concentrations of those elements. The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) results for non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metals in tap water has been assessed. CDI values of non-carcinogenic metals were higher in children than in adults; the CDI values for adults and children were found in the order of: Zn > Sr > Cu > Mn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Co > As. All the studied metals had HQ values below 1, the risks caused by the non-carcinogenic metals decreased in the following order: Zn > Cu > Co > As > Sr > Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn. HI values were also less than 1, that meaning that the analyzed tap water is safe for human consumption. The concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni in analyzed tap water is in accordance with Polish and international requirements.
Highlights
Assessment of the human health risk comprises qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the human’s exposure to contamination originating mainly from environment and food, in particular in drinking water
Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment is based on the Hazard Quotient (HQ), which was calculated using equation: hazard quotient (HQ) 1⁄4 CDInon−carcinogenic RFD
It was observed that the chronic daily intake (CDI) values of non-carcinogenic metals were higher in children than in adults
Summary
Assessment of the human health risk comprises qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the human’s exposure to contamination originating mainly from environment and food, in particular in drinking water. Human life strongly depends on the quality drinking water intake required to prevent any risks to human health. The consumption of water containing a certain amount of some metals may lead to health problems such as cancer in humans [1, 2]. Nonessential metals such as lead and cadmium having no positive role in the metabolic activities can cause toxic effects on the Metals and metalloids have been determined with classic and instrumental methods. The classic metal determination methods started to lose their significance [5]. At present, they have been nearly completely replaced with the instrumental methods including hyphenated techniques [6, 7]
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