Abstract
Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam and the second largest city of the country, just behind Ho Chi Minh City. During the last two decades, Hanoi developed fast and expanded steadily. Since the city acquired large parts of the surrounding provinces in 2008, Hanoi tripled its size and doubled its population. The new development aims to spread the concentrated population and economic activities to alleviate the stress caused by pollution and the decreasing quality of life of the residents. Hanoi has a very fast growing fleet of motor vehicles, at the rate of 12% - 15% annually. The fast transition from bikes to motorcycles and to cars results in a most serious environmental burden in particular on the air quality and human health. This paper overviews the air quality and pollution caused by road traffic in central Hanoi (5 old districts) and the related health outcomes due to particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5). It uses dose-response functions to quantify the number of extra deaths resulting from traffic-related particulate matters. The results are compared with those of other studies to assess the impacts of air pollution on human health in large, crowded and fast developing cities in Southeast Asia. Assessment of the health risk caused by traffic shows that mobility in Hanoi causes a high health burden. In 2009, mobility caused 3200 extra deaths by traffic related PM10. The result shows that health impacts due to air pollution are by far larger than the number of fatalities due to traffic accidents.
Highlights
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the second largest city of the country, just behind Ho Chi Minh City
According to the Vietnamese National Environmental Agency, in Hanoi, the fleet of motor vehicles increases at the rate of 12% - 15% per year
The vehicle inventory for Hanoi done by the authors in 2011 shows that, by the end of April 2010, Hanoi traffic is dominated by motorcycles with more than 3.6 million units in operation
Summary
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the second largest city of the country, just behind Ho Chi Minh City. After the last boundary modification, Hanoi covers the total area of 3348.5 km; has a population of 6.45 million people with an average density of 1926 people/km, distributed over 27 districts (9 urban and 18 rural) and 408 communes (as of 31 December 2008) [1]. Hanoi experienced a 11.7‰ population growth a year in 2000, which increased to 11.8‰ in 2005, 12.5‰ in 2008 and 12. The city is characterised by a fast urbanisation rate, achieving 5.6%/year during the period 2001-2005 but reduced to 3% during the period 2006-2009. Urban population accounts for around 41.3% of the total [1,2,3]. The city has about 3974 km of roads, of which 643 km within the 9 old districts (that account for 6.8% of the urban area)
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