Abstract
Water is an important asset for the maintenance of life and socioeconomic development. Aquatic environments have been anthropized, receiving a large polluting load, mainly from trace elements.This study investigates the occurrence of health risks caused by 15 trace elements in the surface water of João Leite stream. Health risk indices were evaluated as average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index and carcinogenic risk. The risk analysis to human health of the stream João Leite water, indicated that the ADDingestion for the adults had the highest for Fe 1.86E-00 µg/kg/day and lower value for Be 8.0E-05 µg/kg/day. On the other hand, of ADDdermal the highest value was for Fe 5.02E-02 µg/kg/day and, the smallest for Sb 1.54E-05 µg/kg/day. For children to ADDingestion obtained was obtained the highest Fe value 2.60E-00 µg/kg/day and smaller for Be 1.12E-04 µg/kg/day. For ADDdermal the highest value was for Fe 8.58E-02 µg/kg/day and smaller for Sb 2.64E-05 µg/kg/day. HQ for adults ranged from 1.61E-05 to 2.97E-01 for HQingestion and 7.71E-06 to 1.01E-01 for HQdermal. For children 2.25E-05 to 3.74E-01 for HQingestion and 1.32E-05 to 1.73E-01 for HQdermal. The health risk assessment showed that for children, the trace elements present in water have a potentially adverse effect on non-carcinogenic health. The carcinogenic risks were unacceptable for both children and adults. Thus, it is recommended that the use of these waters be limited and that measures be taken to minimize pollution by trace elements.
Highlights
Among the pollutants in the river and stream, products with genotoxic and mutagenic potential, even in very low concentrations and in the form of complex mixtures of potentially dangerous compounds, have drawn attention concerning water quality (Roubicek et al, 2020)
The decreasing trend in the concentration of trace elements in water samples from João Leite stream was Fe > Mn > Al > Ba > Cr > Zn > Ni > B > Pb > Co > Cu > Be > Cd > As > Sb, not following the same trend for carcinogenic risk that had its highest value for Cr and Pb, and non-cancerous with the highest values for Co and Cr
The non-cancer risk associated with trace elements was evaluated and verified for children who use water from João Leite stream
Summary
Among the pollutants in the river and stream, products with genotoxic and mutagenic potential, even in very low concentrations and in the form of complex mixtures of potentially dangerous compounds, have drawn attention concerning water quality (Roubicek et al, 2020). Due to the health effects adverse that trace elements can cause, the Environmental Protection Agency of United States (USEPA) indicates that human health risk assessment is “the process of estimating the nature and likelihood of adverse health effects in humans that may be exposed to chemicals in the contaminated environment, or in the future". This risk assessment stipulates the identification of hazards of contaminants present in the environment, which have non-cancerous effects, which include mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, for example, and carcinogenic effects (Wongsasuluk et al, 2014). The risk to human health in a contaminated environment can be assessed by considering the concentration of pollutants in that location, the exposure time and the exposure degree (Zhou et al, 2020)
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