Abstract
China’s 2009 expansion of universal health insurance has received global interest, but little empirical investigation. This epidemiological study was a first attempt to assess potential impacts on population health and health equity. Multilevel negative binomial regression was used to analyse all-cause and non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality between 2006 and 2012 from a representative sample including all 31 provinces. The age-standardised ratios (per 100,000) in 2006 were 860.4 and 732.9 for mortality from all-causes and NCDs respectively. These ratios decreased over time to 737.5 (all-causes) and 642.9 (NCD) by 2012. Modelling indicated these trajectories were curvilinear, dipping more rapidly from 2009 onwards. Compared to the east, all-cause mortality was higher in other regions (e.g. northwest RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.48). Compared to more affluent urban areas, rate ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.23 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.54) in the least affluent urban areas, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.46) in affluent rural areas and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.51, 1.79) in the least affluent rural areas. These health inequities were largely repeated for NCD mortality and did not vary spatiotemporally. Overall, universal health insurance in China may have accelerated reductions in all-cause and NCD mortality, but potential impacts on health inequity may take longer to manifest.
Highlights
China’s 2009 expansion of universal health insurance has received global interest, but little empirical investigation
Between 2006 and 2008 inclusive, all-cause and non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality trajectories appeared relatively consistent over time
Median Rate Ratio (MRR) estimated from random intercept models adjusted for age, gender and year were 1.35 for all-cause mortality and 1.30 for NCD mortality
Summary
China’s 2009 expansion of universal health insurance has received global interest, but little empirical investigation. This epidemiological study was a first attempt to assess potential impacts on population health and health equity. Compared to more affluent urban areas, rate ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.23 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.54) in the least affluent urban areas, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.46) in affluent rural areas and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.51, 1.79) in the least affluent rural areas These health inequities were largely repeated for NCD mortality and did not vary spatiotemporally. The purpose of this study was to examine regional and socioeconomic trajectories in all-cause and non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality before and since the 2009 health reforms. The ambition was to assess whether (i) a potential early impact of the health reform could be observed and (ii) if such an impact was confined to specific regions or particular socioeconomic circumstances
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