Abstract
Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of health factors with the presence and different degrees of pain in elderly above 65 years of life. Methods: The population-based study included 3540 individuals above 65 years of age of life from twofold stratified household sample representative for Serbia, during 2013 (the average age 73.9 ± 6.3 years; average Body Mass Index was 26.7 ± 4.4, females 56.8%, living with partner 55.5%, with primary education 55.3%, with poor wealth index 55.8% and from rural settings 46.2%). As health predictors of pain, we analyzed further health parameters: self-perceived general health, long-lasting health problems, diagnosed pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other chronic diseases. Pain domain of SF-36 version 2.0 was used for pain assessment. Results: Significant health predictors of pain were: self-perceived general health (OR 2.28), where bad perception of self-perceived general health in our study had greater risk of pain with higher degree of severity; long-lasting health problems (OR 1.60), where elderly with long-lasting health problems had almost twice the risk of moderate degree of pain, and above twice the risk for severe degree of pain; pulmonary disease (OR 1.38); musculoskeletal disease (OR 2.98) and other chronic diseases (OR 1.71). The presence of musculoskeletal disease increases the risk for pain, even more than double in severe versus mild degrees of pain. Conclusion: Bad self-perceived general health, long-lasting health problems, pulmonary, musculoskeletal diseases, cardiovascular disease and other chronic disease were significant health-related predictors of various degrees of pain in elderly.
Highlights
The prevalence of pain in the population above 60 years of age ranges between 25%–76%, and in older age is associated with numerous factors including but not limited to depression, skeletal, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, falls, etc. [1,2]
Initial eigenvalues as well as values after rotation are presented in Table 2, while in Table 3 we presented the factorial matrix after orthogonal rotation
We have demonstrated that further health parameters: bad self-perceived general health, long-lasting health problems, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal diseases, and other chronic diseases were significant predictors of pain in elderly
Summary
The prevalence of pain in the population above 60 years of age ranges between 25%–76%, and in older age is associated with numerous factors including but not limited to depression, skeletal, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, falls, etc. [1,2]. Diagnostics 2019, 9, 47 the late middle age (20%–80%), while the plateau or decrease in the prevalence of pain is noticed in individuals age of 85 years and above (25%–60%) [3]. Previous studies have noticed that the rates of musculoskeletal pain are higher in older individuals [4,5]. The presence of pain is associated with various degrees of disability, leading to an impaired quality of life [7]. It affects both mental and physical aspects of the quality of life [8], leading to the deconditioning, gait abnormalities, accidents and cognitive decline [9]. In the study of Gibson and Lussier [3], above 80% of older veterans with chronic pain reported that the pain has an influence on one or more higher order physical activities, while 3% reported the influence of pain on basic activities
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