Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is hazardous to human health and the environment if not properly handled throughout all management processes, beginning with collection, separation, transfer, treatment, disposal, or recycling and reuse. The World Health Organization (WHO) has raised awareness of the dangers of improper solid waste disposal in terms of soil, water, and air pollution, as well as the health consequences for the people living in the surrounding areas. MSW production is predicted to reach 3.40 billion tonnes globally by 2050. Inadequate waste management is one of the causes of the rise of infectious diseases. Most viruses, bacteria, and parasites that cause illness are found in blood, bodily fluids, and bodily secretions, which are components of bio-medical waste. This spreads through several human contacts, each of whom is a possible "receiver" of the illness. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses are at the forefront of a long list of illnesses and disorders that have been linked to biomedical waste. Other prevalent diseases spread owing to poor waste management include tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, tetanus, whooping cough, and others.
Highlights
Municipal solid waste is a by-product of economic activity and consumption that comprises garbage from households, commercial premises, institutions, markets, and industries, and its management and disposal is a rising environmental and public health concern [1,2,3]
Risks occur at every stage of the process, from the point of collection at households to transportation and recycling or disposal locations [4]
In places where contagious medical wastes and toxic industrial wastes are not separated from home waste, waste collectors face a variety of hazards [4]
Summary
Municipal solid waste is a by-product of economic activity and consumption that comprises garbage from households, commercial premises, institutions, markets, and industries, and its management and disposal is a rising environmental and public health concern [1,2,3]. Risks occur at every stage of the process, from the point of collection at households to transportation and recycling or disposal locations [4] They face occupational health and safety concerns due to the nature of the materials handled, the emissions produced by those products, and the equipment employed [4]. In places where contagious medical wastes and toxic industrial wastes are not separated from home waste, waste collectors face a variety of hazards [4] They have a high rate of occupational health problems as a result of their exposure to many risk factors [3,5]. Working conditions for female sweepers are frequently deplorable; they may lack appropriate clothing and equipment, few complaints about the issue [1,2,6]
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