Abstract
Background:Flames from burning scrap tyres are used in de-furring animals for human consumption in most parts of Nigeria. Emissions from tyres are known to contain a myriad of toxic mixtures especially particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds, hazardous air pollutants, and inspirable metals, some of which are known human carcinogens. This cross-sectional study investigated the deleterious health effects of these emissions in occupationally-exposed workers at the Dei-Dei Abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria.Methods:A total of 156 respondents were divided into two groups. Group 1 (124 butchers) and group 2 [32 administrative staff (AS)]. Data from digital spirometry were used to determine the association between chronic exposure to tyre emissions and lung function. Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene concentration, phenolic compounds levels and heavy metal concentrations were determined. Also ambient PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations at 3 delineated points in the abattoir were measured.Findings:Spirometry results showed significant deterioration of lung function in the butchers. The concentration of 1-Hydroxypyrene (μg/molCret) in the post-shift urine samples of the butchers was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in butchers relative to the AS (0.52 ± 0.13 Vs 0.20 ± 0.07, respectively). Similarly the concentrations of zinc and nickel (mg/l) were significantly higher in the butchers compared to the AS (zinc: 0.91 ± 0.19 Vs 0.31 ± 0.28, respectively; nickel: 0.11 ± 0.06 Vs 0.06 ± 0.02, respectively). Anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo-a- pyrene, and PM concentrations were significantly higher at the de-furring point when compared to the wash bay and the administrative building, especially between 8.00 and 8.30 am.Conclusion:Occupational exposure to scrap tyre emissions resulted in significant adverse health effects. The existing laws banning the use of burning tyres in meat processing should be enforced while the use of personal protective equipment should be encouraged in abattoirs.
Highlights
Management of pollution caused by end-of-life tyres (ELTs) is a major problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria
Lung Function Measured by Spirometry The lung function of the subjects was measured using standard methods [15, 16] to determine the peak expiratory flow (PEF), which is the maximum flow generated during expiration performed with maximal force and started after a full inspiration [17]; forced expiratory volume (FEV), which is usually the volume exhaled during the first second of a forced expiratory manoeuvre; forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the volume change of the lung between a full inspiration to total lung capacity and a maximal expiration to residual volume [17]; and the ratio of the FEV/FVC
Spirometry was conducted on the respondents at the beginning of each quarter
Summary
Management of pollution caused by end-of-life tyres (ELTs) is a major problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Especially in the open, several compounds and particles are released into the environment They include criteria pollutants, including particulates such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of sulphur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and noncriteria hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, furans, hydrogen chloride, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [1]. Emissions from tyres are known to contain a myriad of toxic mixtures especially particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds, hazardous air pollutants, and inspirable metals, some of which are known human carcinogens This cross-sectional study investigated the deleterious health effects of these emissions in occupationally-exposed workers at the Dei-Dei Abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria. The existing laws banning the use of burning tyres in meat processing should be enforced while the use of personal protective equipment should be encouraged in abattoirs
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