Abstract
Context: Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) is traditionally used to treat skin inflammation.Objective: This study evaluated the healing effect of Dillenia indica fruit extracts on induced psoriasis-like wounds in Wistar rats.Materials and methods: Extracts were standardized to betulinic acid, including an aqueous ethanolic extract (AEE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and petroleum ether extract. Effects against lipid peroxidation were assessed in vitro. Wounds were created at rat tails (n = 12). Topical treatments were applied once daily for 7 days (1 mL of AEE or EAE at 5 or 50 mg/mL). Maximal dose was defined by the extract solubility. A 10-fold lower dose was also tested. Positive and negative controls were treated with clobetasol (0.5 mg/mL) or excipient. Half of each group was euthanized for histology. The remaining animals were observed for 20 days for wound measurements.Results: Yields of AEE and EAE were 4.3 and 0.7%, respectively. Betulinic acid concentrations in AEE and EAE were 4.6 and 107.6 mg/g. Extracts neutralized lipid peroxidation in vitro at 0.02 μg/mL, accelerating healing at 50 mg/mL. Complete healing in mice treated with AEE occurred 16 days after wound induction. This time was 14 and 12 days in mice treated with EAE and clobetasol. Compared to orthokeratosis, parakeratosis was reduced by AEE (25%), EAE (45%) and clobetasol (55%). EAE caused superior protection against biomolecules oxidation of skin compared to AEE.Discussion and conclusion: EAE exhibited activity closer to that of clobetasol. Betulinic acid may be an active constituent, which should be assessed in future studies.
Highlights
Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) is an evergreen tree originally from tropical Asia that is well distributed in other countries, such as India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam
This study supports the traditional claims of the anti-inflammatory activity of D. indica
The results suggested that fruit extracts accelerated the healing of psoriasis-like wounds and reduced inflammation via a mechanism associated with protection against oxidative damage in biomolecules
Summary
Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) is an evergreen tree originally from tropical Asia that is well distributed in other countries, such as India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. (Dilleniaceae) is an evergreen tree originally from tropical Asia that is well distributed in other countries, such as India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam This plant is known primarily as ‘elephant-apple’ because the fruits are relished by elephants, which are important seed dispensers for this tree (Apu et al 2010; Gandhi & Mehta 2013). Cultural aspects distinguish the natural relationships between plants and people in Asia, where D. indica is native, and Brazil, where it was introduced. This tree possesses a large crown and beautiful white aromatic flowers, and it has been used in Brazil primarily for ornamental purposes (Lorenzi et al 2003). The entire plant is used for medicinal purposes in Asia, and the fruits are used in the cuisine (Gandhi & Mehta 2013)
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