Abstract
Signals akin to head waves were obtained from explosive sources during the joint U.S. and China Yellow Sea experiment, conducted in August 1996. The sources were deployed at ranges from 0.7 to 37 km in waters approximately 75 m deep. Data were recorded on a 16-element vertical line array with element spacing of 4 m and the deepest element at depth 66 m. This talk will focus on measurements obtained at source ranges less than 1 km, because the amplitude of the head wave arrivals decreases rapidly with range. The arrival time and power spectra were first used to identify and distinguish ground-, water-, and head-wave arrival types. This latter category was then further studied in the context of pure head waves, noninterfering head waves, and interference head waves. The experimental data are also compared with simulated signals obtained via a Fourier synthesis of a narrow-band complex parabolic equation (PE) field, using the RAM PE code. The overall influence of compressional velocity, velocity gradient, and attenuation in the sediment, and frequency dependency of head wave arrivals are discussed. [Research supported by ONR Ocean Acoustics.]
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