Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated and complex epigenetic regulation-based mechanisms to maintain stable growth and development under diverse environmental conditions. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important epigenetic regulators in eukaryotes that are involved in the deacetylation of lysine residues of histone H3 and H4 proteins. Plants have developed a unique HDAC family, HD2, in addition to the RPD3 and Sir2 families, which are also present in other eukaryotes. HD2s are well conserved plant-specific HDACs, which were first identified as nucleolar phosphoproteins in maize. The HD2 family plays important roles not only in fundamental developmental processes, including seed germination, root and leaf development, floral transition, and seed development but also in regulating plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some of the HD2 members coordinate with each other to function. The HD2 family proteins also show functional association with RPD3-type HDACs and other transcription factors as a part of repression complexes in gene regulatory networks involved in environmental stress responses. This review aims to analyse and summarise recent research progress in the HD2 family, and to describe their role in plant growth and development and in response to different environmental stresses.
Highlights
Plants, being sessile in nature, have developed sophisticated and complex mechanisms to respond to different developmental and environmental stress signals (Kapazoglou and Tsaftaris 2011)
It is well established that the modification of histone acetylation levels plays an important role in plant development and response to environmental stresses
The existence of another Histone deacetylases (HDACs) family in addition to the Reduced Potassium Deficiency 3 (RPD3) and silent induced regulator 2 (SIR2) families put forward an interesting question as to why evolution provided the plants with the third plant specific histone deacetylase 2 (HD2) family
Summary
Plants, being sessile in nature, have developed sophisticated and complex mechanisms to respond to different developmental and environmental stress signals (Kapazoglou and Tsaftaris 2011). A basic nucleosome structure consists of an octamer of core histone proteins, including H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 (Zhou, et al 2013), with the Nterminal lysine residues ( called the histone tails) of histone H3 and histone H4 projected outward. These tails can be subjected to several types of post-translational modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Proper control of the acetylation status of histone lysine residues is crucial for the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes (Pandey, et al 2002; Pfluger and Wagner 2007)
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