Abstract
If a slope located near a densely populated region is susceptible to debris-flow hazards, barriers are used as a mitigation method by placing them in flow channels; i.e., flowpaths. Selecting the location and the design of a barrier requires hazard assessment to determine the width, volume, and impact pressure of debris-flow at the moment of collision. DAN3D (Three-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis), a 3D numerical model for simulating debris-flow, has been widely used to perform hazard assessment; however, solely using DAN3D would be both insufficient and inefficient in finding the optimal barrier location. Therefore, the present study developed a framework that interprets the results from DAN3D simulation without considering any barriers. Then, the framework generates hazard assessment maps showing the impact parameters of debris-flow along the flowpath by various algorithms and machine learning methods, such as the k-means clustering algorithm, and also computes the width of the debris-flow, which is not explicitly calculated in DAN3D. A case study of the debris-flow at Umyeon mountain, Korea, in 2011, was used to generate hazard assessment maps. The maps were demonstrated to be a tool to quickly compute the impact parameters for conceptual barrier design with the aim of finding potential barrier locations.
Highlights
Debris-flow is a rapid movement of a fluid-like slurry composed of loose soil, rock, organic materials, and water
The results showed that a smaller barrier would be sufficient to mitigate debris-flow if the barrier is installed near the source
The developed framework uses the results from DAN3D simulation with the absence of barriers and develops hazard assessment maps using algorithms and machine learning methods
Summary
Debris-flow is a rapid movement of a fluid-like slurry composed of loose soil, rock, organic materials, and water. The GIS-based cell model method was upgraded by Bernard et al [13] so that non-erosive surfaces on the concrete bottom of open-type dams can be considered These studies used case studies of debris-flow to demonstrate the developed numerical methods to assess the performance of planned works. Analysis (DAN3D) [15], which is a three-dimensional (3D) debris-flow semi-empirical numerical method, has been widely used in recent studies This method has reliably simulated various run-out case studies, such as the debris-flow at Umyeon mountain in 2011 [16] and the Oso landslide at Oso, Washington, in 2014 [17]. On top of the ability to perform 3D simulation, DAN3D allows variation in the soil rheology for different geographical locations It incorporates the entrainment phenomenon, which is a crucial component required to simulate the increasing sediment volume as debris-flow propagates [1]. Based on this case study, essential findings and the the implications of the results will be discussed
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