Abstract
In this study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis were used for the screening of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity on three different germplasm accessions namely 11,341 (P), 11,248 (T) and 11,265 (H) of Malaysian Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) leaf. The anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assay in relation to the different harvesting ages and times of A. paniculata leaf was determined through comparison by partial least-squares analysis (PLS) using SIMCA-P. The PLS allowed the separation and correlation between the NO assay with the phytochemical present due to the effects of different harvesting ages and times. From the PLS plots, conclusions were drawn with respect to the correlation between A. paniculata leaf metabolites with the anti-inflammatory results which showed that 180 days after transplanting (DAT) of morning session for accessions T and H, and evening for P gave the highest anti-inflammatory activity.
Highlights
IntroductionA. paniculata is a traditional Chinese, Southeast Asian and Indian herb and has been of interest in research due to its wide uses in traditional medicine, for example: as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immuno-stimulatory, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective agent [2]-[8]
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis were used for the screening of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity on three different germplasm accessions namely 11,341 (P), 11,248 (T) and 11,265 (H) of Malaysian Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) leaf
The anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assay in relation to the different harvesting ages and times of A. paniculata leaf was determined through comparison by partial least-squares analysis (PLS) using SIMCA-P
Summary
A. paniculata is a traditional Chinese, Southeast Asian and Indian herb and has been of interest in research due to its wide uses in traditional medicine, for example: as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immuno-stimulatory, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective agent [2]-[8]. Several reports on the bioactivities of A. paniculata anti-inflammation have been published [9] [10]. The influence of A. paniculata harvesting ages and times on the anti-inflammatory activity has not been discussed. The optimization of the harvest age and time is crucial to standardize the quality of A. paniculata based on the major compounds content, i.e. andrographolide as it was reported to be decreasing with the delay in harvesting [11]. The anti-inflammatory activity related to NO inhibition of A. paniculata leaf at different harvesting ages and times in correlation with its overall biomarkers was determined using metabolomics approach as described
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