Abstract
To date, many researchers have studied a considerable number of three-dimensional (3D) cotton-like electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering, including the generation of bone, cartilage, and skin tissue. Although numerous 3D electrospun fibrous matrixes have been successfully developed, additional research is needed to produce 3D patterned and sophisticated structures. The development of 3D fibrous matrixes with patterned and sophisticated structures (FM-PSS) capable of mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for advancing tissue engineering. Because modulating nano to microscale features of the 3D fibrous scaffold to control the ambient microenvironment of target tissue cells can play a pivotal role in inducing tissue morphogenesis after transplantation in a living system. To achieve this objective, the 3D FM-PSSs were successfully generated by the electrospinning using a directional change of the sharply inclined array collector. The 3D FM-PSSs overcome the current limitations of conventional electrospun cotton-type 3D matrixes of random fibers.
Highlights
Cells can be inherently sensitive to ambient microenvironment such as nano to microscale fibrous patterns of topography [1]
Fibrous matrixes manufactured by electrospinning technique have emerged as one of the powerful tools to present the topographic cues because of their structural similarity to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen fibers, making them a suitable material to guide the formation of new tissue
The efforts still suffer from technical challenges associated with the fabrication of the 3D fibrous electrospun matrixes with well-defined structures to recapitulate the natural ECM characteristics
Summary
Cells can be inherently sensitive to ambient microenvironment such as nano to microscale fibrous patterns of topography [1] For this reason, there are many tissue engineering approaches attempting to address this issue through the presentation of topographical cues which precisely mimic the native. Cai et al demonstrated electrospun matrixes with fibers oriented randomly and evenly in 3D were formed by the electrostatic repulsion between fibers [4]. Their results of in-vitro study have shown that cells cultured on the developed 3D electrospun matrix develop into stereomorphic topography instead of being flattened
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