Harnessing the power of green synthesis of nanomaterials for anticancer applications: A review

Abstract

Among the various types of nanoparticles, silica-based nanoparticles (SNPs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, versatile surface chemistry, and ability to functionalization. However, conventional synthesis methods involving the use of hazardous chemicals and organic solvents pose significant challenges in terms of safety, scalability, and environmental impact. Green synthesis methods utilize sustainable and eco-friendly protocols, including plant extracts, microorganisms, and biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents. These methods not only offer a safer and greener alternative to conventional synthesis routes but also provide opportunities for tailoring the properties of silica-based nanomaterials to enhance their therapeutic efficacy against cancer. The use of green techniques may lead to the elimination or reduction of laborious and complex methods and the reduction of environmental contaminants. Methods that rely on encapsulating the drug or any other agent and its targeted delivery in cancer cells, used as diagnostic probes with high efficiency and tissue engineering, catalytic applications, use as intercellular biosensors, enzyme immobilization, etc., perform a considerable function in the diagnosis and management of medical conditions like cancer. In this review, the anticancer applications of green-synthesized silica-based nanomaterials are extensively discussed, covering their roles in cancer imaging, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. The integration of green synthesis approaches with advanced nanotechnology holds great promise in the development of safe, effective, and sustainable anticancer nanomaterials, thereby opening new avenues for personalized medicine and improved patient outcomes in the fight against cancer.