Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and the cause of the recent pandemic; it is an enveloped β-coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 appear in the Wuhan City of China for the first time and outspread worldwide quickly. Due to its person-to-person fast transmission, COVID-19 is becoming a global problem. SARS-CoV-2 enter into cells by using ACE2 receptors that are numerous in the lungs and finally can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Dry cough, sore throat, fever, body pain, headache, GIT discomfort, diarrhoea, and fatigue are some of the COVID-19 symptoms. There is no definite and certain treatment for disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 till now. Some pharmacological effects of toxins, toxoids, and venoms have been proven, and their effects on some diseases have been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the role of toxins, toxoids, and venom in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease.
Highlights
Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by severe cytokine syndrome following inflammation. e pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is such that in the first stage, viral binding to epithelial cells occurs with a minimal innate immune response
Because angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is one of the major receptors identified for SARS-CoV-2 and is predominantly expressed in the lungs, the lungs are involved in coronavirus infection. is receptor can be found in the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the brain, and other organs [3–5]
Ey suggested that bee venom (BV) therapy, due to the presence of melittin and phospholipase A2, which have a strong antiinflammatory function, could help support recovery because even if the patient recovers from the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it may have long-term effects which are known as long-covid because PLA2 binds to the membrane in vivo, causes antibodies to bind with the cell membrane, and stimulates CD8 T cells [1]
Summary
Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by severe cytokine syndrome following inflammation. e pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is such that in the first stage, viral binding to epithelial cells occurs with a minimal innate immune response. Various data and treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection are being reviewed. Some other data ignore the BV effect on preventing COVID-19 and hypothesize that less SARS-CoV-2 infection in beekeepers is due to their less exposure to other people [3]. Is study aimed to investigate the role of toxins, toxoids, and venom in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease. En, unifying the articles from all the cited databases and bringing out duplicate articles, the two researchers separately investigated all the articles and excluded the articles that includes irrelevance of title to toxins and COVID-19, absence of keywords in the title or abstract of studies, and the inclusion index criteria.
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