Abstract
Despite technological advancements, further innovations in the field of orthopedics and bone regeneration are essential to meet the rising demands of an increasing aging population and associated issues of disease, injury and trauma. Nanotopography provides new opportunities for novel implant surface modifications and promises to deliver further improvements in implant performance. However, the technical complexities of nanotopography fabrication and surface analysis have precluded identification of the optimal surface features to trigger osteogenesis. We herein detail the osteoinductive potential of discrete nanodot and nanowire nanotopographies. We have examined the ability of modified titanium and titanium alloy (Ti64) surfaces to induce bone-specific gene activation and extracellular matrix protein expression in human skeletal stem cells (SSCs) in vitro, and de novo osteogenic response within a murine calvarial model in vivo. This study provides evidence of enhanced osteogenic response to nanowires 300 surface modifications, with important implications for clinical orthopedic application.
Highlights
Medical and technological advances have led to a welcome increase in life expectancy, and yet the loss or dysfunction of skeletal tissue that can accompany trauma, injury, disease or advancing years can result in significant morbidity as well as a variety of socio-economic issues
On nanowires 300, and to a lesser extent on nanowires 50, the density of viable cells was observed to be reduced there was no evidence of significant cell apoptosis observed
The current studies demonstrate the potential of nanowire topographies to enhance the osteogenic skeletal stem cells (SSCs) response
Summary
Medical and technological advances have led to a welcome increase in life expectancy, and yet the loss or dysfunction of skeletal tissue that can accompany trauma, injury, disease or advancing years can result in significant morbidity as well as a variety of socio-economic issues. The 2000-2010 decade was endorsed by the WHO and the UN as the Bone and Joint Decade, acknowledging the major burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) disease. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent MSK disorders (Woolf, 2012), affecting 9.6% of men and 18% of women aged over 60 years (Murray and Lopez, 1996). The impacts of OA on an individual patients’ quality of life and health care system in general are anticipated to intensify with the aging population and higher prevalence in older groups (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Despite the prevailing success of hip arthroplasty in treatment of hip osteoarthritis (Learmonth et al, 2007), 11% of patients remain dissatisfied at 1 year following hip replacements (RCSEng, 2000; Garellick et al, 2010).
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