Abstract
Background: The emergence and resurgence of zoonotic diseases have continued to be a major threat to global health and the economy. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable due to agricultural expansions and domestication of animals with humans. Scientifically sound clinical trials are important to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat zoonotic diseases, while there is a lack of evidence to inform the clinical trials' capacity and practice in countries highly affected with the diseases. This study aimed to investigate expert scientists' perceptions and experiences in conducting clinical trials toward zoonotic diseases in Ethiopia.Methods: This study employed a descriptive, qualitative study design. It included major academic and research institutions in Ethiopia that had active engagements in veterinary and public health researches. It included the National Veterinary Institute, the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, the College of Veterinary Medicine at Addis Ababa University, the Ethiopian Public Health Institute, the Armauer Hansen Research Institute, and the College of Health Sciences at Addis Ababa University. In-depth interviews were conducted with expert scientists. Data were collected from October 2019 to April 2020. Data analysis was undertaken using open code 4.03 for qualitative data analysis.Results: Five major themes, with 18 sub-themes, emerged from the in-depth interviews. These were: challenges in the prevention, control, and treatment of zoonotic diseases; One Health approach to mitigate zoonotic diseases; personal and institutional experiences in conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases; barriers in conducting clinical trials toward zoonotic diseases; and strategies that promote conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases. Conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases in Ethiopia is hampered by a lack of clearly articulated ethics and regulatory frameworks, trial experts, financial resources, and good governance.Conclusion: In Ethiopia, conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases deserves due attention. Strengthening institutional and human resources capacity is a pre-condition to harness effective implementation of clinical trials on zoonotic diseases in the country. In Ethiopia where skilled human resource is scarce, One Health approach has the potential to form multidisciplinary teams to systematically improve clinical trials capacity and outcomes in the country.
Highlights
The emergence and resurgence of zoonotic diseases have continued to be a major threat to global health and the economy
Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) works to improve the health of the general public of Ethiopia through undertaking research on priority health and nutrition issues for evidence-based information and technology transfer, effective public health emergency management, quality laboratory system, and training public health researchers and practitioners for pre-eminent public health interventions [18]
Participants reflected upon several concepts around zoonotic diseases, clinical trials, one health approach, and integrative practices of the public and animal health system
Summary
The emergence and resurgence of zoonotic diseases have continued to be a major threat to global health and the economy. Developing countries are vulnerable due to agricultural expansions and domestication of animals with humans. Ethiopia has the second largest human population and the largest livestock population and is vulnerable to the effects of zoonotic diseases because the economy is largely dependent on agriculture [6,7,8]. Potential zoonotic diseases of concern were identified through a set of criteria. As a result of the prioritization process, human and animal health agencies co-operatively identified five zoonotic diseases they can jointly start to tackle. These are rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, and zoonotic avian influenza [11]
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