Abstract
Abstract This chapter details developments in the harmonization of patent laws. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement has made significant strides in harmonizing levels of patent protection. TRIPs requires practically all countries of the world to have patent systems in which compounds, including pharmaceuticals, can be patented per se for a term of at least twenty years, with no local working requirements and no routine granting of compulsory licences; with importation of a product and sale of the product or a process being clearly defined as infringement; and with clear standards for the enforcement of patent rights. Other harmonization initiatives include the Patent Law Treaty, the Substantive Patent Law Treaty, the Trilateral Cooperation, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Nagoya Protocol.
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