Hard X-Ray Flares Preceding Soft X-Ray Outbursts in Aquila X-1: A Link between Neutron Star and Black Hole State Transitions

Abstract

We have analyzed Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer data of the neutron star transient Aquila X-1 obtained during its outbursts in 1999 May/June and 2000 September/October. We find that in the early rise of these outbursts, a hard flare in the energy range above 15 keV preceded the soft X-ray peak. The hard X-ray flux of the hard flares at maximum was more than a factor of 3 stronger than at any other point in the outbursts. The rise of the hard X-ray flare to this maximum was consistent with a monotonically brightening low-/hard-state spectrum. After the peak of the hard flare, a sharp spectral transition occurred with spectral pivoting in the range 8-12 keV. Our timing analysis shows that during the hard flare, the power spectra were composed mainly of band-limited noise and a ~1-20 Hz quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), which correlate in frequency. Immediately after the hard flare, the power spectra turned into power-law noise. The spectral and timing properties during and after the hard flares are very similar to those in black hole transients during the early rise of an outburst. We suggest that these hard flares and spectral transitions in Aql X-1 are of the same origin as those observed in black hole transients. This leads to the association of the 1-20 Hz QPOs and band-limited noise in Aql X-1 with those in black hole transients. We discuss the impact of this discovery on our understanding of soft X-ray transient outbursts, state transitions, and variability in X-ray binaries.