Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL) provide unique opportunities for hard X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in solution phase by enabling femtosecond temporal resolution. The high brilliance and MHz repetition rate of such sources drive the development of specialized sample delivery systems to overcome the challenges of sample degradation, as well as major advances of multiple-gain detectors to fully utilize the high dynamic range required for X-ray detection. This paper addresses the experimental limitations that arise in a typical XES experiment performed on fast liquid jets at the MHz repetition rate of the European XFEL. Using a low-noise gain-switching JUNGFRAU detector allows taking advantage of the high dynamic range and high sensitivity, but restricts a single-shot detection due to the limited frame rate. The gain transition regions of the detector response may exhibit nonlinear behavior that can be identified and efficiently corrected using the internal reference-based normalization and linearization approaches described here.
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