Abstract
To regenerate teeth and bones, a scaffold is essential. Hydroxyapatite has been used in many studies, but scaffolds made of hydrogel or sponge are also effective. The hardness of hydroxyapatite is a disadvantageous property for shaping. A sponge is suitable as a scaffold because the shape of the scaffold can be matched to the defect. Sodium alginate (AL) has excellent biocompatibility and a sponge can be made from this gel by lyophilization. The purpose of this study was to promote hard tissue formation with a sponge made of AL gel or AL gel and chondroitin sulfate (Chs). Sponges were made from AL gel, which were then used as a scaffold to investigate their effectiveness for the formation of hard tissue or bone. Hard tissue formation in the pores of these AL sponges was estimated in vitro and in vivo. In the sponge made from AL gel, the concentration of AL and the addition of Chs affected bone formation. Concentration of AL would affect the shape and size of the pores. ALP activity in the sponges was also enhanced by Chs. The amount of osteocalcin (OC) produced in the sponge by rat bone marrow cells increased depending on the AL and Chs concentrations in the gel. The level of OC amount in the sponges made from AL gel containing Chs was notable in vivo. Bone formation in the sponge in vivo was affected by the addition of Chs in AL gel. The quantity of OC and the bone formation in AL sponges in subcutaneous tissue in vivo suggested that AL sponges can be useful as a scaffold.
Highlights
In dentistry, partial defective restoration of the hard tissue of the tooth, prosthesis for the loss of all or several teeth, and reconstruction of the resorption of alveolar bone due to a periapical lesion or periodontal disease are important treatments
In an in vivo study, Damien et al previously reported that cylindrical HA scaffolds with pore sizes of 400 - 600 μm and 80% porosity were suitable for the repair of femoral defects in rats [36]
Several AL scaffolds made from AL-only gel or chondroitin sulfate (Chs)-containing AL gel were seeded with Rat bone marrow cells (rBMCs) obtained from the rat femur
Summary
Partial defective restoration of the hard tissue of the tooth, prosthesis for the loss of all or several teeth, and reconstruction of the resorption of alveolar bone due to a periapical lesion or periodontal disease are important treatments. Functional restoration has been performed for hard tissue defects of teeth using current dental treatments. Reconstruction of teeth with physiological function is desired [5]. Regeneration of teeth including the periodontal ligament may give teeth physiological functionality [6]. Regeneration of such teeth is the ideal result of tissue engineering treatment. In the future, absorbed bones may be reconstructed using one of the processes of tissue engineering
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