Haptoglobin Genotype Is a Determinant of Iron, Lipid Peroxidation, and Macrophage Accumulation in the Atherosclerotic Plaque

Abstract

Intraplaque hemorrhage increases the risk of plaque rupture and thrombosis. The release of hemoglobin (Hb) from extravasated erythrocytes at the site of hemorrhage leads to iron deposition, which may increase oxidation and inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque. The haptoglobin (Hp) protein is critical for protection against Hb-induced injury. Two common alleles exist at the Hp locus and the Hp 2 allele has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. We have demonstrated decreased anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity for the Hp 2 protein. We tested the hypothesis that the Hp 2-2 genotype is associated with increased oxidative and macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. The murine Hp gene is a type 1 Hp allele. We created a murine type 2 Hp allele and targeted its insertion to the Hp locus by homologous recombination. Atherosclerotic plaques from C57Bl/6 ApoE-/- Hp 2-2 mice were associated with increased iron (P=0.008), lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal and ceroid) and macrophage accumulation (P=0.03) as compared with plaques from C57Bl/6 ApoE-/- Hp 1-1 mice. Increased iron, lipid peroxidation and macrophage accumulation in ApoE-/- Hp 2-2 plaques suggests that the Hp genotype plays a critical role in the oxidative and inflammatory response to intraplaque hemorrhage.