Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study investigated the overall happiness, school-related happiness, and depression of traditionally bullied and cyberbullied 12-year-old Finnish students. Among the more than 700 participants, traditional bullying (26%) was more frequent than cyberbullying (18%). Receiving insulting text messages or being the subject of offensive comments on the Internet were the most common forms of cyberbullying. Often those who were cyberbullied were also victims of traditional bullying (the poly-victimized comprised 11% of all participants). We found no differences between genders in traditional bullying rates, but cyberbullying was more common among girls. Being victimized, in either form, was related to a decrease in all measures of psychological well-being, with the poly-victimized scoring the lowest. In particular, being victimized predicted depression, with the poly-victimized scoring the highest. The results indicate a clear need to intervene in early adolescents’ culture of communicating via electr...
Highlights
Bullying is a common problem in schools all over the world and its consequences are well documented (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpelä, Marttunen, Rimpela, & Rantanen, 1999; KaltialaHeino, Rimpelä, Rantanen, & Rimpelä, 2000)
We examine the associations between different types of bullying victimization and psychological well-being in terms of overall happiness, happiness in the school context and depression
The present study focuses on associations between different bullying experiences as well as both happiness and depression
Summary
Bullying is a common problem in schools all over the world and its consequences are well documented (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpelä, Marttunen, Rimpela, & Rantanen, 1999; KaltialaHeino, Rimpelä, Rantanen, & Rimpelä, 2000). Bullying and cyberbullying frequently co-occur, meaning that often victims of traditional bullying are victims in the cyberworld (Katzer, Fetchenhauer, & Belschak, 2009; Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007; Tokunaga, 2010; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2004) Both forms of bullying have been repeatedly connected with a decrease in happiness (Arseneault et al, 2006; Drennan, Brown, & Mort, 2011; Rigby & Slee, 1993), and an increase in depression, suicidal ideation, social anxiety (Boivin, Hymel, & Bukowski, 1995; Gradinger, Strohmeier, & Spiel, 2009; Hinduja & Patchin, 2010), and other psychological adjustment problems, such as school maladjustment and loneliness (see Hawker & Boulton, 2000, for a review). A disturbing message or photo may be impossible to remove from the Internet
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