Haploinsufficiency of Bcl-x leads to male-specific defects in fetal germ cells: differential regulation of germ cell apoptosis between the sexes

Abstract

In germ cells, the function of which is to form the next generation, apoptotic cell death occurs during development, as in the case of somatic cells. In this study, we show that Bcl-x knockout heterozygous ( Bcl-x +/−) mice exhibit severe defects in male germ cells during development. A substantial increase in apoptosis of male germ cells occurs at around embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) in Bcl-x +/− embryos, leading to hypoplasia of postnatal testes and reduced fertility. On the other hand, female germ cells at the same stages do not show discernible differences between wild-type and Bcl-x +/− embryos. This phenotype of Bcl-x haploinsufficiency shows that regulation of apoptosis becomes different between the sexes at around the onset of sex differentiation. Through this study, we found that, in wild-type embryos, (1) apoptosis is much more frequent (approximately 10 times) in the male than in female germ cells, and (2) expression of Bcl-x L, but not that of Bax, is higher in female than in male germ cells, at around E13.5. Male fetal germ cells, cultured with gonadal somatic cells in vitro, showed higher frequencies of apoptosis than those cultured without gonadal somatic cells. On the other hand, in the absence of gonadal somatic cells, both male and female fetal germ cells in vitro showed similar frequencies of apoptosis to female fetal germ cells in vivo. Therefore, male germ cell apoptosis, of which the default pathway is similar to that of the female, is likely to be influenced by male gonadal environments.