Hands-On Hybridization: 3D-Printed Models of Hybrid Orbitals

Abstract

Introductory chemistry students encounter the concept of hybrid orbitals as a transition from atomic orbitals to molecular bonding. The principal purpose of learning hybridization in the undergraduate curriculum is to impart an understanding of the origins of molecular bonding and geometry. Physical models of both individual hybrid orbitals and combinations of hybrid orbital types have the potential to aid in student visualization of molecular geometry. 3D printing can serve to generate physically accurate models in a cost-effective manner. The use of a freely available JavaScript applet (CalcPlot3D) enables the generation of 3D-printing files (.stl/.3mf files) that can be subsequently printed on a 3D printer. The procedure is low-cost and relatively flexible and produces mathematically accurate hybrid orbital models that can serve as hands-on pedagogical tools.